Scientific, Biologial names of flowers

            Flower Name                   Flower Meaning          Scientific Name

A

            Abutilon                          Meditation                          Abutilon hybridum

            Acacia (White)                Friendship, Elegance          Acacia sp.

            Acacia (Yellow)              Concealed love                    Acacia sp.

            Acanthus                         Artifice                                Acanthus mollis

            Achillea                           State of war                         Achillea sp.

            Aconite (Monkshood)     Hatred, Be cautious             Eranthus hyemalis

            Adam's Needle                Best friends                         Yucca filamentosa L.

            Adonis                            Patience, Humility,              Adonis vernalis

            Agrimony                       Gratitude                             Agrimonia eupatoria

            Alliums                          Patience, Humility               Allium ampeloprasum

            Almond Blossom           Hope                                    Prunus dulcis

            Aloe                                Sorrow, Grief                      Aloe barbadensis

            Alstroemeria    Wealth, Devotion, Friendship          Gomphrena globosa

            Amaranth (Globe)       Immortal love                       Gomphrena globosa

            Amaryllis                     Splendid beauty                   Amaryllis belladonna

            Ambrosia                     Reciprocated love               Ambrosia artemisiifolia

            Anemone                     Fragile, Anticipation            Anemone vitifolia

            Angelica                       Inspiration                          Angelica archangelica

            Anthurium                    Hospitality                           Malus domestica

            Apple Blossom            Hope, Good fortune             Malus domestica

            Apricot Blossom         Diffident love                        Prunus armeniaca

            Arbor Vitae                 True friendship                      Thuja occidentalis

            Arbutus                       I love thee only                      Epigaea repens

            Asphodel                     Regret, Lassitude                  Asphodelus fistulosus

            Aster                           Love, Contentment,              Aster sp.

            Azalea Fragile, Patience, Chinese symbol for womanhood    Rhododendron atlanticum

B

            Baby's Breath                Innocence, Gladness               Gypsophila paniculata

            Bachelor Button (Bluebottle, Cornflower)   Celibacy,  Delicacy, Perfection  Centaurea cyanus

            Balm                             Sympathy                              Melissa officinalis

            Balsam (Impatiens)     Impatience                              Impatiens balsamina

            Barberry                       Hot temperament                   Berberis thunbergii

            Begonia                        Deep thinking                        Begonia  tuberhybrida

            Bells of Ireland           Good luck, Best wishes          Moluccella laevis

            Convolvulus                Perseverance                          Calystegia sepium

            Bird of Paradise          Festivity, Celebration              Strelitzia reginae

            Bittersweet Flower     Truth, Fact                               Solanum dulcamara

            Black-Eyed Susan (Rudbeckia)          Encouragement, Motivation, Impartiality       Rudbeckia hirta

            Blackthorn (Sloe)        Asceticism, Difficulty            Prunus spinosa

            Blue Bell (Harebell, Campanula)   Never ending love, Gratitude, Appreciation             Hyacinthoides hispanica

            Bouvardia                Excitement, Enthusiasm         Bouvardia ternifolia

            Burdock                 Boredom, Importunity            Arctium tomentosum

            Buttercup               Childishness                           Ranunculus repens

            Butterfly Weed       Leave me                               Asclepias tuberosa

C

            Cactus                   Maternal affection and love    Echinopsis spachiana

            Caladium Leaves        Ravish, Joyfulness            Caladium bicolor

            Calendula (Pot marigold)        Happiness              Calendula arvensis

            Calycanthus    Benevolence                                    Calycanthus floridus

            Camellia (White)         Adorable, Lovable               Camellia japonica, Camellia sp.

            Camellia (Pink)           Strong desire                        Camellia japonica, Camellia sp.

            Camellia (Red)            Excellence, Perfection            Camellia japonica, Camellia sp.

            Chamomile (or Camomile)      Enterprisingness, Energy in adversity Anthemis nobilis

            Candytuft (Iberis)       Indifference                                          Iberis sempervirens

            Cardinal Flower          Eminence                                              Lobelia cardinalis

            Carnation (White)       Sweetness, Innocence, Pure love        Dianthus sp.

            Carnation (Yellow)     Disdain, Rejection                               Dianthus sp.

            Carnation (Pink)          Unforgettable, Woman's love             Dianthus sp.

            Carnation (Red)          Admiration                                          Dianthus sp.

            Carnation (Purple)       Unpredictability, Changeable            Dianthus sp.

            Carnation (Striped)     Rejected love                                      Dianthus sp.

            Cattail Prosperity, Peacefulness                                             Typha latifolia

            Cedar Leaf      Think of me                                                   Cedrus sp.

            Celandine (Lesser)      Forthcoming joys                              Ranunculus ficaria

            Cherry Blossom          Good education, Spiritual beauty       Prunus sp.

            Chestnut Flower         Seek justice                                         Castanea sativa

            Chrysanthemum (Bronze)       Excitement                             Chrysanthemum sp.

            Chrysanthemum (General)       Optimism, Wonderful friend,           Chrysanthemum sp.

            Chrysanthemum (Red)            Love, Affection          Chrysanthemum sp.

            Chrysanthemum (Yellow)       Slighted love              Chrysanthemum sp.

            Chrysanthemum (White)         Trueness                   Chrysanthemum sp.

            Cinnamon        Beauty                                             Cinnamomum verum

            Clematis          Ingenuity                    Clematis caracasana

            Clove   Dignity                                   Syzygium aromaticum

            Clover (Four leafed)   Good luck       Trifolium sp.

            Clover (Five leafed)    Bad luck          Trifolium sp.

            Clover (White flower) Think of me     Trifolium repens

            Cockscomb     Silliness, Absurdity     Celosia spicata

            Coltsfoot         Maternal care                                           Tussilago farfara

            Columbine       Deserted love                                           Aquilegia sibirica

            Coreopsis        Cheerful                                                      Coreopsis gladiata

            Coriander        Lust                                                             Coriandrum sativum

            Cosmos           Peaceful                                                       Cosmos sulphureus

            Crocus Prevision, Gladness, Cheerfulness                          Crocus longiflorus

            Crown Imperial           Powerfulness, Mightiness                Fritillaria imperialis

            Cyclamen        Goodbye, Separation                                   Cyclamen persicum

            Cypress           Mourning, Despair                                       Cupressus  sp.

D

            Daffodil(Jonquil)       Unreciprocated love, Sympathy, Please love me    Narcissus jonquilla

            Dahlia  Dignity, Elegance                                                       Dahlia variabilis

            Daisy   Innocence, Loyal beauty                                            Bellis perennis

            Dandelion       Happiness, Faithfulness                                  Taraxacum officinale

            Daphne Flower           Glory, Fame                                         Daphne mezereum

            Delphinium (Larkspur)            Boldness, Attachment,            Delphinium sp.

            Dew Plant       Serenade                                                           Lampranthus roseus

            Dog Rose        Pleasure                                                            Rosa canina

E

            Edelweiss        Courageous     Leontopodium alpinum

            Eglantine (Sweet briar)           Spring, Poetry                          Rosa rubiginosa

            Elderberry Blossom (Elderflower)      Kindness, Humility     Sambucus canadensis

            Endive Frugality                                                                      Leontopodium alpinum

            Eremurus (Foxtail lily or Desert candle)         Endurance       Eremurus himalaicus

            Eryngium (Blue hobbit, Sea holly))    Austerity, Independence        Eryngium bourgatii

            Eucalyptus      Safeguard, Protection                            Eucalyptus sp.

            Eupatorium     Late, Delay                                          Eupatorium ligustrinum

            Eustoma          Calmness, Thoughts                             Eustoma grandiflorum

            Everlasting Flower      Remembrances                        Helichrysum bracteatum

            Eyebright (Euphrasia) Cheer up                                 Euphrasia rostkoviana

F

            Fennel Strength                                                              Foeniculum vulgare

            Fern     Sincerity, Confidence Cyathea, sp., Lygodium sp., Dicksonia  sp.,

            Fig       Argument                                                         Ficus carica

            Filbert  Reconciliation                                                 Corylus maxima

            Fir        Evaluation, Time                                             Abies sp.

            Flax     Symbolizes domesticity and kindness            Linum usitatissimum

            Flowering Almond      Hope   Prunus japonica,          Cerasus japonica

            Forget-me-not True love, Memories, Hope                Myosotis sylvatica

            Forsythia         Anticipation                                        Forsythia europaea

            Foxglove (Digitalis)    Insincerity                              Digitalis purpurea

            Frangipani       Protection, Shelter                              Plumeria sp.

            Freesia Spirited, Trust                                   Freesia refracta

            Fuchsia            Good taste, Confiding love    Fuchsia magellanica

            Furze   Anger                                                  Ulex densus

G

            Gardenia         Secret admiration and love     Gardenia jasminoides

            Gentian           Sweetness       Gentiana verna

            Gerbera           Happiness, Cheerfulness         Gerbera jamesonii

            Geranium        Comfort, Stupidity                Pelargonium sp.

            Gillyflower      Lasting beauty                      Dianthus sp.

            Ginger Flower Proud, Majestic                    Zingiber officinale

            Gladiolus         Give me a break, Strength of character          Gladiolus imbricatus

            Gloxinia          Love at first sight        Sinningia speciosa

            Goldenrod (Solidago) Encouragement, Motivation, Good fortune, Success Solidago shortii

            Gorse   Love in all seasons      Ulex europaeus

            Grass   Submission      Cyperus sp., Pennisetum sp., etc

H

            Harlequin Flower        Laugh at trouble          Corydalis flavula

            Hawkweed      Quick-sighted                         Hieracium aurantiacum

            Hawthorn        Hope                                      Crataegus monogyna

            Hazel Flower   Reconciliation Hamamelis sp.

            Heather Flower (white)           Protection, Wishfulness          Phyllodoce sp.

            Heather Flower (Pink)            Good luck       Phyllodoce empetriformis

            Heather Flower (Lavender)    Solitude, Admiration  Phyllodoce sp.

            Heliotrope       Eternal love                                   Heliotropium peruvianum

            Hemlock          You will kill me                            Oenanthe pimpinelloides

            Hibiscus          Delicate beauty                             Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

            Holly   Coming of joys                                          Ilex aquifolium

            Hollyhock       Fruitfulness, Ambition                   Alcea setosa

            Honeysuckle   Devoted love, Generous        Lonicera sp.                                                           

            Houseleek       Domestic Economy                              Sempervivum tectorum

            Hyacinth (Blue)          Constancy                                 Hyacinthus orientalis,

            Hyacinth (General)     Games, Sports                          Hyacinthus orientalis,

            Hyacinth (Purple)        Forgive me                               Hyacinthus orientalis,

            Hyacinth (Pink, Red)  Play                                            Hyacinthus orientalis,

            Hyacinth (White)        Loveliness                                  Hyacinthus orientalis, .

            Hyacinth (Yellow)      Jealousness                                 Hyacinthus orientalis,

            Hydrangea (Snowball Flower)            Frigidity, Vanity Hydrangea macrophylla

I

            Iceplant           Rejection                                            Carpobrotus edulis

            Ipomoea          I belong to thee                                   Ipomoea purpurea

            Iris       Faith, Thank you for your friendship               Iris sanguinea

            Ivy       Friendship, Fidelity                                          Hedera helix

J

            Jacob's Ladder            Come down    Polemonium foliosissimum,  Polemonium vanbruntiae

            Jasmine(White)           Cheerfulness, Good sense of humor   Jasminum officinale, Trachelospermum jasminoides

            Jasmine (Yellow)        Modesty          Gelsemium sempervirens

K

            Kingcup (Marsh Marigold)     Wealth, Riches            Caltha palustris

L

            Laburnum        Pensive beauty            Laburnum anagyroides

            Lady's Slipper Capricious beauty       Cypripedium reginae, Cypripedium calceolus

            Lady's Tresses Bewitching grace        Spiranthes spiralis, Gyrostachys cernua

            Laurel  Perseverance, Ambition          Kalmia latifolia

            Lavender         Acknowledgment, Constancy            Lavandula angustifolia Mill.

            Lemon Blossom          Discretion                               Citrus limon

            Lilac    First love         Syringa vulgaris

            Lily(Calla)       Symbolizes magnificent beauty and purity     Zantedeschia elliottiana

            Lily (Casablanca)        Celebrations, Happy occasions           Lilium sp., Lilium auratum

            Lily (Day)       Flirtation, Coquetry    Hemerocallis sp.

            Lily (Eucharis)            Maiden charms            Eucharis amazonica

            Lily (Orange)  Disdain, Hatred, Pride            Lilium sp.

            Lily (Tiger)      Pride, Wealth  Lilium michiganense, Lilium sp.

            Lily (Water) or Lotus  Purity,  Mystery, Estranged love Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea sp.

            Lily (White)    Virginity, Majesty       Lilium candidum

            Lily (Yellow)  Flirtation, Coquetry    Lilium sp.

            Lily-Of-The-Valley     Sweetness, Humility, Purity   Convallaria majalis

            Lisianthus        Calmness         Eustoma sp.

            Lobelia            Malevolence, Arrogance         Lobelia erinus

            London Pride (Saxifraga)       Frivolity          Saxifraga x urbium

            Love-In-The-Mist (Nigella)    Perplexity, Delicacy    Nigella damascena

            Lupine (Lupin)            Always happy, Voraciousness            Lupinus perennis

M

            Magnolia     Nobility, Perseverance,   Magnolia sieboldii, Magnolia  wieseneri

            Mallow            Deep in love    Malacothamnus davidsonii, Malacothamnus fasciculatus

            Maple  Retirement, Reserve nature     Acer sp.

            Marigold         Jealousy, Cruelty, Secret affection     Tagetes patula, Tagetes erecta

            Marjoram         Comfort, Blushes                              Origanum majorana

            Marvel-Of-Peru (Four o'clock flower)     Flame of love  Mirabilis jalapa

            Mayflower (Trailing arbutus)  Welcome, Hospitality, The beginning Epigaea repens

            Mignonette (Reseda)  Deserve                        Reseda lutea, Reseda odorata

            Mimosa           Exquisite, Sensitivity             Mimosa tenuiflora

            Mint    Suspicion                                            Mentha sp.

            Mistletoe         Love and affection     Viscum album, Phoradendron flavescens

            Motherwort     Secret love                    Leonurus cardiaca

            Moss Rose       Confession of love      Portulaca grandiflora

            Myrtle Joy, Love and remembrance   Leonurus cardiaca

N

            Narcissus         Formality, Egotism     Narcissus pseudonarcissus L.

            Nasturtium      Symbolizes patriotism and conquest   Tropaeolum majus

            Nightshades    Dark thoughts                                      Solanum dulcamara

VERTEBRATE FAUNA AND NATIONAL ANIMALS OF PAKISTAN by Saghir Ahmad

                               
                                               PLEASE ADD YOUR REACTION 

     

Definition of Animal: “Any multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotroph  that feeds on organic matter by ingesting is known as  an animal”. The study of animals is called zoology.” 

Fish 

Definition of a fish: “A limbless cold-blooded vertebrate animal with gills and fins and living wholly in water is known as a fish”. The study of fishes is called ichthyology.

National Fish of Pakistan:

                          Mahseer is the National fish of Pakistan. Mahseer is a Local word which  means "the Big Mouth". it is found in every province throughout Pakistan in fresh water. It is also known as the King of Swat. Pakistan is an excellent place to find Mahseer. Popularly known as the Himalayan Mahasher or Golden Mahasher, it is commercially important game fish in Pakistan. Although it is such a beautiful fish, a very few people in Pakistan are well familiar about it. Pakistan has one of the best freshwater fishing places available in the world for Mahseer. Mahseers is of considerable importance because of its large size and high commercial value.
                       There are 531 species of  fish in  Pakistan 233 of them are of fresh  water. Fishes of Pakistan are found in canals, Same Nullas and some lakes (dhands) in Cholistan in natural conditions. Some fishes are also reared in fish farms.
Some Common Fishes of Pakistan:       

• Rhu: Labeo rohita                                    
• Thela Fish: Catla catla
• Mahaseer  Tor putitora (the National fish of Pakistan)       
• Rainbow trout Oncorrhynchus mykiss
• Brown trout Salmo trutta fario
• Common carp or Gulfam Cyprinus carpio
• Sea Horse  Hippocampus fuscus
• Mirgal or Morakhi  Cyrrinus mirigala 

Amphibians          

Definition of an amphibian: A cold-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that comprises the frogs, toads, newts, and salamanders. The study of amphibians is called batrachology. They are distinguished by having an aquatic gill-breathing larval stage followed (typically) by a terrestrial lung-breathing adult stage.

National Amphibian of Pakistan:

                          The  Indus Vally toad (Bufo stomaticus) is the national amphibian of Pakistan.
Some Common Amphibians of Pakistan:  
 Common Frog Rana tigrina
Indus valley Toad Bufo stomaticus

Reptiles

Definition of a Reptile: A cold-blooded vertebrate that includes are distinguished by having a dry scaly skin and typically laying soft-shelled eggs on land are known as reptiles. The study of amphibians and reptiles is called herpetology.

National Reptile of Pakistan:

                           Mugger crocodile (Crocodilus palustris) is the national reptile of Pakistan. The name "mugger" is a corruption of the Urdu word mugger which means "water monster" (Adam 2002). 

Habitat:  It is found in freshwater rivers, lakes and marshes and prefers slow-moving, shallow areas. mugger has also adapted to live in reservoirs, irrigation canals, and other man-made freshwater bodies in Sri Lanka, India and Pakistan. It has occasionally been reported from saltwater lagoons as well.

Relatives: It is sympatric with Gavialis gangeticus in some areas of India, but usually separated by habitat. Also known to dig burrows for shelter. They have been reported to migrate considerable distances over land (several km) in search of more suitable habitat.       

There are around 170 species of reptiles living in Pakistan.

Some Common Reptiles of Pakistan:

• Cobra or Kala Nag (Cobra naja )
• Crate (Bungarus caeruleus)
• Sahna or Sanda Uromastix harvickii 
• Varanus or Goh Varanus monitor
• Lizard Lacerta spp

  BIRDS

Definition of a Bird: “A warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrate distinguished by the possession of feathers and a beak are known as birds. The study of birds is called ornithology”.

National Bird of Pakistan:

                             The Chakur Partridge (Alectoris chukar) is the national bird of Pakistan. The Chakor is a rotund 32-35 cm long bird, with a light brown back, grey breast, and buff belly. Its face is white with a black gorget. It has rufous-streaked flanks and red legs. When disturbed, it prefers to run rather than fly, but if necessary it flies a short distance. Chakor prefers rocky, steep, and open hillsides. The Chakor is a resident breeder in dry, open, and often hilly areas. In the wild, Chakor travels in groups of 5-40 birds called coveys. It nests in a scantily lined ground scrape laying 8 to 20 eggs. Chakors take a wide variety of seeds and some insects as food. When in captivity, it lays 1 egg per day throughout the breeding season if the eggs are collected daily. For hunters, Chakor is a very challenging bird because of its upward flights and sudden disappearances in the bushes.

Some Common Birds of Pakistan: 

• Goose (Anser anser)
• Common Sparrow (Passer domesticus)
• Black Crow (Corvus splendans)
• Pea Cock (Pavo cristatus)
• Dove    (Zenaida macroura) 
• Pigeon (Columba livia)
• Pigeon wild (Columba veriegata)
• Parrot Psitacula krameri
• Owl  Bubo bubo
• Jay 
• Koil
• Quil
• Falcon
• Eagle
• Vulture
• Mena (Lali)

Mammals

Definition of a Mammal: The animals which have hair on body and feed their young ones with their own milk are known as mammals. The study of mammals is called mammology derived from mamma which mammary gland. There are 173 mammal species in   of which 0 are critically endangered, 9 are endangered, 14 are vulnerable, and 7 are near-threatened. The largest mammal in  is the Asiatic Brown Bear (Solenorctos tibatenus).  

National Mammal of Pakistan:

                                Markhore (Capra falconeri)  is the national animal (mammal) of Pakistan. The colloquial name is thought by some to be derived from the Persian word mar, meaning snake, and khor, meaning "eater", which is sometimes interpreted to either represent the species' ability to kill snakes, or as a reference to its corkscrewing horns, which are somewhat reminiscent of coiling snakes.The species is classed by the IUCN (International Union of Conservation of Nature)as Endangered as there are fewer than 2,500 mature individuals and the numbers have continued to decline by an estimated 20% over two generations (Valdez, 2008).

General Characters of Mammals:

These animals have hair on body a character even known to a blind man.

Their chest cavity and abdominal cavity are separated by diaphragm (a sheet of skeletal muscles) an antomical feature. They have 3 middle ear bones (the malleus, incus, and stapes).

They nourish their young ones with milk produced in females modified sweat glands that are called mammary glands.

Classification of Class Mammalia

Subclass  Prototheria (All the Prototherians are absent in Pakistan)

Order Monotremata

There are families of mammals that lay eggs with leathery shells and nourish the young with milk from belly pores:

Family Ornithorhynchidae, duck-billed platypus 

Family Tachyglossidae, spiny anteaters

Subclass Metatheria (All the metatherians are absent in Pakistan) (marsupials, about 270 species of mammals whose young are in an immature state, most females have pouches)

Order Didelphimorphia  opossums

Order Paucituberculata  shrew-like insectivores

Order Microbiotheria  only one living species, called "monito del monte" (Dromiciops australis)

 Order Dasyuromorphia   numbat, extinct Tasmanian wolf

Order Peramelemorphia   bandicoots and bilbies

Order Notoryctemorphia  marsupial moles

Order Diprotodontia (10 families and 117 species) kangaroos, wallaby, wombats, koalas

Subclass Eutheria (Placental mammals of Pakistan and their relatives)  

Order Insectivora (insect-eaters: hedgehogs, moles, shrews)  

Order Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates)

        Family Equidae: asses, horses, and zebras

       Family Rhinocerotidae: rhinoceroses

        Family Tapiridae: tapirs

Order Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates)

        Family: Bovidae: 

                  Subfamily Antilopinae: antelopes, dik-diks, gazelles, and relatives

                  Subfamily Bovinae: bison, buffalos, cattle, and relatives

                  Subfamily Caprinae: chamois, serows, goats, sheep, and relatives

                  Subfamily Hippotraginae: addax, oryxes, roan antelopes,

                  Subfamily Antilopinae: antelopes, dik-diks, gazelles, and relatives

                  Subfamily Bovinae: bison, buffalos, cattle, and relatives

        Family Cervidae deer

        Family: Equidae horse, donkey, zebra

        Family: Suidae  pigs

        Family Antilocapridae: Pronghorn antelope 

        Family Camelidae: 

                   Bactrian camel, Camelus bactrianus 

                   Dromedary camel Camelus dromedarius

                   Llama, Lama glama

                   Alpaca, Lama pacos

                   Guanaco , Lama guanicoe

Order Carnivora (carnivores: Flesh eaters)

                   Family  Canidae  (coyotes, dogs, foxes, jackals, and wolves)

                   Family  Felidae  (cats)

                   Family  Herpestidae  (mongooses)

                   Family  Hyaenidae  (aardwolf and hyenas)

                   Family  Mephitidae  (skunks and stink badgers)

                   Family  Mustelidae  (badgers, otters, weasels, and relatives)

                   Family  Nandiniidae  (African palm civet)

                   Family  Ursidae  (bears)

                   Family  Odobenidae  (walruses)

                   Family  Otariidae  (fur seals and sea lions)

                   Family  Phocidae  (seals)

                   Family  Procyonidae  (cacomistle, coatis, raccoons, and relatives)

                   Family  Viverridae  (civets, genets, linsangs, and relatives)

Order Cetacea (whales, dolphins)

                                                          REFERENCES

1. Adam, B. 2002. Crocodilian species list, retrieved August 30, 2007 Crocodylus palustris).

2. Valdez, R. 2008.Capra falconeri. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 5 April 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is regarded as endangered.



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