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Part I
1. What are trichocysts and sporocysts?
Trichocysts:
These are the sac like structures present in paramecium from which produce and
secrete a poisonous fluid for offence and defence.
Sporocysts:
It is on of the larval forms of Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica)produced from
miracidium.
2.
Differentiate Cytogamy and Autogamy.
Cytogamy:The
special type of reproduction in which the fusion of cytoplasm takes place eg;
in some bacteria and some protists such as Paramecium is called cytogamy.
Autogamy:
It is a special type of sexual reproduction in Paramecium in which
themicronucleus and macronucleus in conjugants are not exchanged but they fuse
within the same individual.
3.
Define geotaxis and galvanotaxis.
Goeotaxis:
A movement exhibited by an organism due to stimulus of grvity is called
geotaxix. For example in Paramecium.
Galvanotaxis:
A movement exhibited by an organism due to stimulus of electric charge is
called galvanotaxix. For example in Paramecium.
4.
What are hydrotheca and gonotheca?
Hydrotheca:
The membranous structure which covers the hydranth zooids of Obelia colony is
called hydrotheca.
Gonotheca:
The membranous structure which covers the gonozooids of Obelia colony is called
gonotheca.
5.
Define metagenesis and paedogenesis.
Metagenesis:
The
phenomenon in which an organism possesses many larval forms such as in Facsiola hepatica is called metagenesis.
Paedogenesis:
The phenomenon in which an organism possesses the larval characters in adult
form is called paedogenesis. For example, as in case of
Larva of Axolotle.
6.
What are enterobius and Loa loa?
Enterobius:
It is the name of genus of pin worm which is a member of phylum
Aschelminthes. This parasite develops the itching in anus of mammals including
human causing insomia.
Loa loa:
It is an Aschelminth parasite which cause disease of eyes in human and
other mammals.
7.
What are glochidium and trochopore larva?
Glochidium larva:
It is the free swimming larva of fresh water mussel (Anodonta) which is a
mollusk.
Trochopore larva:
It is the free swimming larval form found in some Annelids such as in Nereis
virens and some Echinoderms eg., in Astrias species (Star Fish).
8.
In which order flies and beetles are
placed?
a)
Order
of flies: Diptera
b)
Order
of beetle: Coleoptera
9.
Describe biogenetic law or Theory of
Recapitulation?
Theory
of Recapitulation: According to this law, the ontogeny
recapitulates phylogeny. In other words the developmental sages of a species
follow the anatomical characters undergone by a it during the course of
evolution. This law was put forfward by Von Baer.
10.
Write two insects which are vectors of
human diseases.
i)
Anopheles:
The female of Anopheles mosquito is the vector of Plasmodium, the malarial
parasite.
ii)
Aedes: The female of Aedes mosquito (Aedes egyptii and Aedes albopictus) is the vector of virus which cause Dengue fever.
iii)
Tsetse
Fly:
Tsetse Fly (Glossina pulpalis) is the
vector of Trypanosoma gambiens, T.
rhodasiens and many other species, the parasite that causes sleeping
sickness in mammals including human.
iv)
Sand
Fly:
Phlabotomus is the vector of leshmania, a protozoan parasite which causes
leshmaniasis a skin and interic disease.
11.
What is the function of Trichocysts?
Trichocysts:
see question No. 1 Page 1
12.
What are Megascleres?
Megascleres:
These are the type of spicules in porifera (sponges) which are larger in size.
13.
Define Metagenesis? 2012 Supplimentry.
See
for answer Q No. 5, Page 1.
14.
What is Pseudocoel?
Pseudocoel:
The cavity present between endoderm and mesoderm in Aschelminthes such as in
Ascaris, and is remnant of blastocoel is called pseudocoel.
Part II
1. Metabolism: All the biochemical reactions taking place in a
living organism within or outside its cells are collectively termed as
metabolism.eg; breakdown of glucose in cytosol (catbolism) and formation of
glucose in chloroplasts of plants or algae (anabolism).
2. Metagenesis: There are some organisms which complete their life
cycle in more than on larval forms. This phenomenon is termed as metagenesis.
eg; in case of Fasciola hepatica.
3. Metastasis: The growth of cancerous cells in the secondary areas by removal from primary areas is called metastasis.
4. Metamorphosis: The series of developmental changes by which a
larva or a nymph is transformed into an adult are collectively called as
metamorphosis, eg; a tadpole of frog is metamorphophed into a frog.
5. Metathesis: The ability of an organism
to change its colour due to presence of chromatophores is called metathesis.
6. Mimicry
rings: In tropical countries,
field research has shown that there are large numbers of species involved in
mimicry. 54 species of Heliconius are recognised, with over 700 named colour
forms. There are four (or perhaps five) assemblages of butterflies, which
include the heliconiines and their mimics. These mimicry rings are called
tiger, red, blue and orange for short. Members of each ring tend to roost
together at night, fly to similar habitats and at the same time of year.
Mimicry rings include both Müllerian and Batesian mimicry.
7. Oviparity: The complete development of embryo within the
shelled egg which is laid by mother (development of embryo outside the body of
mother) as in case of most of the fishes, amphibians, reptiles and birds is
called oviparity.
8. Ovoviviparity: The complete development of embryo within the
shelled egg, within the body of mother as in case of Duck-billed
Platypus Ornithorhynchus aculeata is called as ovoviviparity.
(see also viviparity. )
9. Paedomorphosis: In some
amphibians eg; Axololte, the larva develops its gonads (sex organs) without
metmorphosing the other morphological features, this is called as
paedomorphosis.
10. Polymerase
Chain Reaction (PCR): PCR is used
to produce a large no. of copies of gene of interest within a test tube in
short time.
11. Probe: Probe is a sequence of DNA nucleotides which is
used to identify the required gene present in genomic library.
12. Spleenomegaly: Enlargement of spleen is called spleenomegaly.
13. Threatened
Species: The species which is at
the verge of exyinction is called threatened species. For example Cheeta,
Ghazella, Polar bear, Neel gaey, Musk dear, and panda.
14. Near
Threatened: The jaguar, whose
numbers in Central and South America have been classified as Near
Threatened, acts as a keystone predator by its widely varied diet, helping
to balance the mammalian jungle ecosystem with its consumption of 87 different
species of prey.
15. Transgenic
Organism: The organism processing a
foreign gene in their cells is called transgenic organism.
16. Viviparity: The complete development of embryo within the uterus of mother as in case of mtatherian, like kangaroo, and eutherian mammals, like human is called as viviparity.
16. Viviparity: The complete development of embryo within the uterus of mother as in case of mtatherian, like kangaroo, and eutherian mammals, like human is called as viviparity.
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